Crude oil, hydrocarbons & alkanes

Crude oil is a resource found in rocks.

What is crude oil produced from?

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Most of the compounds in crude oil are made of carbon and hydrogen atoms only.

What name is given to compounds made of carbon and hydrogen atoms only?

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Crude oil found in different areas has different compositions.

Table 1 shows the percentage (%) composition of crude oil from two different areas.

Give three differences between the composition of crude oil from area A and crude oil from area B.

Table 2 shows the percentage (%) composition of crude oil from area C.

Calculate the volume of kerosene in 160 dm³ of crude oil from area C.

Give your answer to 2 significant figures.

Use Table 2.

Complete Figure 1.

You should:

• complete the scale for the y-axis

• plot the data for kerosene and for petrol from Table 2

• label the bars for kerosene and for petrol.

Dodecane is an alkane.

The general formula for alkanes is C_nH_2n+2

A molecule of dodecane has 12 carbon atoms.

Complete the formula of dodecane.

A student investigated the effect of changing the temperature on the viscosity of dodecane.

Figure 4 shows the apparatus.

This is the method used.

1. Add 100 cm³ of dodecane at 25 °C to the cup.

2. Immediately start a timer.

3. Stop the timer when 40 cm³ of dodecane has been collected in the measuring cylinder.

4. Record the time taken.

5. Repeat steps 1 to 4 using dodecane at different temperatures.

The student used a water bath to heat the dodecane.

Suggest one reason why the student used a water bath instead of a Bunsen burner to heat the dodecane.

Give one control variable used in the investigation.

Figure 5 shows the results.

Predict the time taken to collect 40 cm³ of dodecane at 75 °C.

You should extend the line of best fit on Figure 5.

The higher the viscosity, the slower dodecane flows.

Explain how the trend in Figure 5 shows the effect of an increase in temperature on the viscosity of dodecane.

Dodecane is an alkane.

The general formula for alkanes is C_nH_2n+2

A molecule of dodecane has 12 carbon atoms.

Complete the formula of dodecane.

A student investigated the effect of changing the temperature on the viscosity of dodecane.

Figure 1 shows the apparatus.

This is the method used.

1. Add 100 cm³ of dodecane at 25 °C to the cup.

2. Immediately start a timer.

3. Stop the timer when 40 cm³ of dodecane has been collected in the measuring cylinder.

4. Record the time taken.

5. Repeat steps 1 to 4 using dodecane at different temperatures.

The student used a water bath to heat the dodecane.

Suggest one reason why the student used a water bath instead of a Bunsen burner to heat the dodecane.

Give one control variable used in the investigation.

Figure 2 shows the results.

Predict the time taken to collect 40 cm³ of dodecane at 75 °C.

You should extend the line of best fit on Figure 2.

The higher the viscosity, the slower dodecane flows.

Explain how the trend in Figure 2 shows the effect of an increase in temperature on the viscosity of dodecane.

Crude oil is a finite resource found in rocks.

What is meant by a ‘finite’ resource?

Most of the compounds in crude oil are hydrocarbons.

Define the term ‘hydrocarbon’.

Crude oil found in different areas has different compositions.

Table 2 shows the percentage (%) composition of crude oil from one area.

The volume of crude oil is measured in a unit called ‘barrels’.

Calculate the volume of petrol in dm³ in 90 barrels of crude oil.

Give your answer to 3 significant figures.

Fractions from crude oil can be processed to produce many useful materials by the petrochemical industry.

Which is a useful material produced by the petrochemical industry?

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Catalytic cracking is used to crack hydrocarbons.

Name one other method of cracking hydrocarbons.

Alkanes are produced by cracking.

Hydrocarbon Z is a different type of hydrocarbon to alkanes.

Hydrocarbon Z:

• is also produced by cracking

• can be used to produce polymers.

Describe a test for hydrocarbon Z.

Give the result of the test.

Alkanes and alkenes are hydrocarbons.

Define the term ‘hydrocarbon’.

The general formula for alkanes is C_nH_2n+2

Determine the formula of the alkane with 10 carbon atoms.

Crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons.

Figure 4 represents industrial equipment used to separate crude oil into fractions.

Explain how crude oil is separated into fractions.

Use Figure 4.

The alkane molecule C₁₄H₃₀ can be cracked to produce smaller molecules.

Balance the equation for the reaction.

Propene (C₃H₆) is an alkene.

Describe the test for alkenes.

Give the result.

Poly(propene) is made from propene.

Figure 5 represents the repeating unit of poly(propene).

What type of substance is poly(propene)?

Alkanes and alkenes are hydrocarbons.

Define the term ‘hydrocarbon’.

The general formula for alkanes is C_nH_2n+2

Determine the formula of the alkane with 10 carbon atoms.

Crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons.

Figure 1 represents industrial equipment used to separate crude oil into fractions.

Explain how crude oil is separated into fractions.

Use Figure 1.

The alkane molecule C₁₄H₃₀ can be cracked to produce smaller molecules.

Balance the equation for the reaction.

Propene (C₃H₆) is an alkene.

Describe the test for alkenes.

Give the result.

Poly(propene) is made from propene.

Figure 2 represents the repeating unit of poly(propene).

What type of substance is poly(propene)?

Some fractions of crude oil are processed to produce fuel for transport.

Describe how crude oil was formed.

Transport is a source of atmospheric pollutants.

Suggest how sulfur dioxide can be produced by transport.

Give two problems caused by sulfur dioxide as an atmospheric pollutant.

Describe how carbon monoxide can be produced by transport.

Catalytic converters are fitted to car exhausts to reduce the amount of pollution from cars.

Carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) react in a catalytic converter.

Nitrogen and carbon dioxide are produced.

Write a balanced equation for the reaction.

Crude oil contains a large number of hydrocarbons.

Crude oil is a finite resource. What is a finite resource? Tick (✓) one box.

What is crude oil formed from? Tick (✓) one box.

What type of substance is crude oil? Tick (✓) one box.

The hydrocarbons in crude oil are separated into fractions using fractional distillation. Complete the sentences. Choose answers from the box.

In fractional distillation the crude oil is heated so

Hydrocarbons can be cracked to produce more useful molecules.

Complete the sentence. Choose the answer from the box.

Hydrogen gas is a product of cracking. What is used in the test for hydrogen gas? Tick (✓) one box.

5.20 kg of crude oil contains 1.53 kg of LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas). Calculate the percentage (%) of LPG in 5.20 kg of crude oil. Give your answer to 3 significant figures.

This question is about hydrocarbons.

Figure 9 shows a hydrocarbon.

Complete the formula for the hydrocarbon shown in Figure 9.

What is the name of the hydrocarbon in Figure 9 ?

Which homologous series does the hydrocarbon in Figure 9 belong to?

30 g of another hydrocarbon contains 24 g of carbon.

Which calculation gives the percentage of carbon in the hydrocarbon?

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Table 3 shows boiling points of some hydrocarbons.

Describe how the boiling points change as the number of carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon increases.

Hydrocarbons can be cracked.

Give one condition used to crack hydrocarbons.

Balance the equation for the cracking of C₆H₁₄

Give one reason why hydrocarbons are cracked.

Window frames can be manufactured from wood or plastic.

Table 4 shows the results of a life cycle assessment (LCA) for making one wooden and one plastic window frame.

Both window frames are the same size.

Give three advantages of using wood instead of plastic in the manufacture of window frames.

Advantage of wood 1

Advantage of wood 2

Advantage of wood 3

This question is about hydrocarbons and the uses of hydrocarbons.

Figure 6 shows a model of an alkane.

What is the name of the alkane in Figure 6 ?

What is a hydrocarbon?

Large hydrocarbon molecules are cracked.

When C₁₁H₂₄ is cracked, three products are formed. Complete the equation for the reaction.

Explain why one of the products of cracking is in high demand.

Window frames can be manufactured from wood or from plastic. Table 2 shows data from a life cycle assessment (LCA) for a wooden window frame and a plastic window frame. Both window frames are the same size.

Evaluate the sustainability of wooden and plastic window frames.

You should include environmental and economic factors.

Crude oil is a resource found in rocks. Most of the compounds in crude oil are hydrocarbons.

Complete the sentence.

Crude oil is formed by the decomposition of

Alkanes are hydrocarbons. Give the name of the alkane molecule that has three carbon atoms.

Figure 7 shows two alkane molecules.

Table 4 shows the melting points and boiling points of methane and hexane.

Compare the structure and properties of methane and hexane.

Hydrocarbons are cracked to produce more useful alkanes and alkenes.

Decane (C₁₀H₂₂) is cracked to produce two products. Complete the equation for the reaction.

C₂H₄ is an alkene. What is the test for alkenes? Give the result of the test if an alkene is present.

Crude oil is a resource found in rocks.

Most of the compounds in crude oil are hydrocarbons.

Complete the sentence.

Crude oil is formed by the decomposition of

Alkanes are hydrocarbons.

Give the name of the alkane molecule that has three carbon atoms.

Figure 3 shows two alkane molecules.

Table 2 shows the melting points and boiling points of methane and hexane.

Compare the structure and properties of methane and hexane.

Hydrocarbons are cracked to produce more useful alkanes and alkenes.

Decane (C₁₀H₂₂) is cracked to produce two products.

Complete the equation for the reaction.

C₂H₄ is an alkene.

What is the test for alkenes?

Give the result of the test if an alkene is present.

Crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons.

Complete the sentences. Choose answers from the box.

There are three stages, A, B and C, in separating hydrocarbons from crude oil. Stage A Hydrocarbons evaporate Stage B Crude oil is heated Stage C Vapours condense

Give the correct order for stages A, B and C.

What is the name of the process used in separating hydrocarbons from crude oil? Tick (✓) one box.

Alkanes are hydrocarbons. Figure 1 represents an alkane.

What is the formula of the alkane in Figure 1 ?

What does X represent in Figure 1 ? Tick (✓) one box.

What is the general formula for alkanes? Tick (✓) one box.

Hydrocarbons are used to make polymers. Polymers are used to make plastic bags. In one year 8.0 billion plastic bags were used. The next year there was a charge for plastic bags and only 1.3 billion plastic bags were used. Calculate the decrease in the number of plastic bags used.

This question is about crude oil and alkanes.

Describe how crude oil is formed.

Describe how crude oil is separated into fractions by fractional distillation.

Table 2 shows the boiling points of three alkanes.

What is the general formula for alkanes?

Explain the trend in the boiling points of the alkanes.

A student investigated one property of the alkanes C₅H₁₂, C₁₀H₂₂ and C₁₅H₃₂ This is the method used.

1. Pour 20 cm³ of C₅H₁₂ into a separating funnel.

2. Open the tap of the separating funnel and start a timer.

3. Stop the timer when the level of C₅H₁₂ reaches line X.

4. Repeat steps 1 to 3 with C₁₀H₂₂ and C₁₅H₃₂

Figure 5 shows the apparatus used.

The level of C₅H₁₂ takes 6.4 seconds to reach line X. Predict the trend in times for the other two alkanes. Give one reason for your answer.

Large hydrocarbon molecules can be cracked to produce smaller, more useful molecules.

Alkanes and alkenes are produced when hydrocarbons are cracked.

Give two conditions used for cracking.

Butane (C₄H₁₀) is an alkane.

Figure 5 shows part of the displayed structural formula of butane.

Complete the displayed structural formula of butane in Figure 5.

Butane burns in oxygen.

Complete the word equation for the complete combustion of butane.

Ethene is an alkene.

Give a test for alkenes.

Give the result of the test if an alkene is present.

Each year many tonnes of crude oil are extracted from the Earth.

It took millions of years for the crude oil to be formed.

What do we call development that meets the needs of current generations without compromising the resources for future generations?

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Crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons.

The hydrocarbons in crude oil are separated into fractions by fractional distillation.

Figure 13 shows a fractional distillation column.

Crude oil vapour passes up the column.

Complete the sentence.

Choose the answer from the box.

Why do the fractions separate?

Tick one box.

Most of the hydrocarbons in crude oil are alkanes.

Figure 14 represents an alkane molecule.

Name the alkane.

Methane (CH₄) is an alkane.

What is the general formula for alkanes?

Tick one box.

Alkanes burn in oxygen.

Balance the equation for methane burning.

Ethene is an alkene.

Which reagent is used to test for alkenes?

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Table 6 shows data from a life cycle assessment (LCA) for the disposal of 10 000 biodegradable plastic bags.

Why are life cycle assessments (LCA) done?

Compare the two methods for the disposal of biodegradable plastic bags.

Use information from Table 6

Crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons.

The hydrocarbons in crude oil are separated into fractions by fractional distillation. Figure 1 shows a fractional distillation column.

Crude oil vapour passes up the column. Complete the sentence. Choose the answer from the box.

Why do the fractions separate? Tick one box.

Most of the hydrocarbons in crude oil are alkanes.

Figure 2 represents an alkane molecule.

Name the alkane.

Methane (CH₄) is an alkane. What is the general formula for alkanes? Tick one box.

Alkanes burn in oxygen. Balance the equation for methane burning.

Ethene is an alkene. Which reagent is used to test for alkenes? Tick one box.

Table 1 shows data from a life cycle assessment (LCA) for the disposal of 10 000 biodegradable plastic bags.

Why are life cycle assessments (LCA) done?

Compare the two methods for the disposal of biodegradable plastic bags. Use information from Table 1