Study Figure 1, which is a geological cross-section of part of south-east England.
Identify which one of the following is a resistant rock forming higher ground.
(1)
Identify which one of the following is the best definition of weathering.
(1)
Explain one reason why sedimentary rocks are usually eroded faster than igneous rocks.
(2)
Study Figure 2, which shows information about the percentage (%) of coastline being eroded and coastal protection for selected UK coastal regions.
| Region | Length of coastline (km) | % being eroded >0.1 metres per year | % being protected |
| NE England | 296 | 26.9 | 37.4 |
| NW England | 659 | 18.5 | 49.9 |
| Yorkshire and Humberside | 361 | 56.2 | 43.2 |
| East Midlands | 234 | 9.0 | 99.8 |
| SE England | 788 | 31.0 | 54.2 |
| SW England | 1,379 | 31.7 | 22.2 |
| Scotland | 11,154 | 11.6 | 6.6 |
Identify which one of the regions has the highest % of coastline being eroded.
(1)
Calculate the length of the Scottish coastline being protected.
Answer to one decimal place.
You must show your working in the space below.
(2)
Suggest one reason why only a small percentage of the Scottish coastline is being protected.
(2)
Explain how coastal erosion processes create cliffs.
You may use a diagram to help your answer.
(4)
Analyse Figure 3, which is a 1:25,000 map of part of the River Ure valley in North Yorkshire, England.
Spot heights shown in metres e.g. 16
Figure 3
Identify which one of the following is the best description of the river feature located at X.
(1)
Explain one reason why Ellenthorpe Hall is less at risk from river flooding than point X on the map.
(2)
Explain two reasons why human activity can cause river flooding.
(4)
Analyse Figures 4a and 4b, which are two maps of the UK showing its population density (Figure 4a) and its altitude (height above sea level, shown in Figure 4b).
Assess the relationship between altitude and population density in the UK.
(8)
Study Figure 5, which shows how median incomes pre-tax (£) in the UK varied with age and sex, in 2016.
Identify which one of the following is the most accurate description of sex inequalities.
(1)
Explain why median income is a better measure than mean income when comparing places.
(2)
Explain two ways in which TNCs (transnational corporations) have changed the economy of the UK.
(4)
Study Figure 6, which shows the results of opinion polls in 2014 in the UK’s ten largest cities to establish whether people felt ‘safe’ or ‘unsafe’ in these urban environments.
| Place | Unsafe | Not sure | Safe |
| Edinburgh | 14% | 18% | 68% |
| Bristol | 19% | 24% | 57% |
| Sheffield | 25% | 25% | 50% |
| Leeds | 30% | 23% | 47% |
| Liverpool | 32% | 20% | 48% |
| London | 39% | 8% | 53% |
| Manchester | 34% | 19% | 47% |
| Glasgow | 38% | 18% | 44% |
| Birmingham | 41% | 18% | 41% |
| Bradford | 42% | 23% | 35% |
Identify which one of the following is an accurate description of people’s perception of their city.
(1)
Calculate the median value of the % (percentage) of people who feel unsafe in the UK’s ten largest cities.
Answer to one decimal place.
You must show your working.
(2)
For a UK city that you have studied, explain two ways in which migration has influenced its growth and character.
(4)
Named UK city
For a UK city that you have studied, explain why some parts of the city have experienced decline.
Named UK city
(4)
Analyse Figure 7, which shows information about the source of the UK’s carbon emissions (in MtCO2 – metric tonnes of carbon dioxide) by region and sector, in 2015.
Emissions (Million tonnes of CO2)
Key
afforestation/deforestation
commercial
• The UK’s carbon emissions have fallen to the lowest levels since the 1890s
• This is largely explained by switching from coal to natural gas for generating electricity
• Coal now accounts for only 5% of our energy consumption
• The transport sector consumes 77% of all oil used
• The target is to reduce carbon emissions by 80% of 1990 levels by 2050; currently we are 38% below 1990 levels.
Figure 7
Assess the reasons why carbon emissions vary from place to place and from time to time.
(Spelling, punctuation, grammar and use of specialist terminology = 4 marks)
(12)
A group of students decided to measure beach profiles at Amroth, Pembrokeshire, to help them collect data for their enquiry question, which was:
‘Does hard engineering, such as groynes and sea walls, affect the beach morphology?’
They selected three places to measure their beach profiles (shown on Figure 8 below) and measured beach gradient and sediment size every 50 metres from the top of the beach to the sea.
Suggest one reason why the students selected this beach to carry out their fieldwork.
(2)
Suggest one reason the students selected the three locations shown on Figure 8 to carry out their beach profiles.
(2)
Explain one reason why the chosen location of beach profile 1 might not be a good choice.
(2)
Suggest two reasons why coastal erosion may not be a serious risk on this coastline.
(4)
A group of students decided to measure river channel characteristics at Eaton, Leicestershire, to help them collect data for their enquiry question, which was:
‘How do downstream changes in channel characteristics affect flood risk?’
They selected six sites (shown on Figure 9 below) to carry out measurements of channel width, average depth and velocity.
Suggest one reason why the students selected this river to carry out their fieldwork.
(2)
Suggest one reason they selected the six sites shown on Figure 9 to carry out their channel measurements.
(2)
Explain one reason why the chosen location of site 5 might not be a good choice.
(2)
Suggest two reasons why river flooding may not be a serious risk in this valley.
(4)
A group of students carried out an environmental quality survey in two contrasting areas of their local city, Area A and Area B, in order to investigate their enquiry question:
Why does environmental quality vary in a city?
They measured litter, traffic noise, graffiti, amount of open space and the quality of the buildings.
Area A is an inner-city suburb on the edge of the CBD (Central Business District); it has mixed land-use including some former industrial sites, a university, offices and housing, most of which is 19th century.
Area B is on the edge of the built-up area and is dominated by modern 20th and 21st century housing with very little other land-use.
The students found that the environmental quality of Area B was better in all five categories. To help them explain the differences they used the 2011 census, selecting five categories of data. The results of that research are shown on Figure 10 below.
Explain one method the students might have used to measure the environmental quality in these two areas.
(2)
The students concluded the following;
Environmental quality will always be better in those urban areas that are occupied by higher income people who can afford to look after their environment.
Evaluate the reliability of this conclusion.
(8)
A group of students carried out an environmental quality survey in two contrasting villages in their local rural area in order to investigate their enquiry question:
Why does environmental quality vary in villages?
They measured litter, traffic noise, graffiti, amount of open space and the quality of the buildings.
Village A is located on the coast. It is a former fishing village now popular with holidaymakers. It has mixed land-use including a caravan park, pubs and restaurants, and housing, most of which is 19th century.
Village B is within twenty minutes’ drive of a medium-sized city and is dominated by modern 20th and 21st century housing with very little other land-use; the pub and shop have recently closed.
The students found that the environmental quality of village B was better in all five categories. To help them explain the differences they used the 2011 census, selecting five categories of data. The results of that research are shown on Figure 11 below.
Explain one method the students might have used to measure the environmental quality in these two villages.
(2)
The students concluded the following:
Environmental quality will always be better in those villages that are occupied by higher income people who can afford to look after their environment.
Evaluate the reliability of this conclusion.
(8)
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