Antibiotics

The common cold is caused by a virus.

Give one reason why antibiotics are not used to treat the common cold.

The development of a new antibiotic has many stages.

Which is the last stage in the development of a new antibiotic?

Figure 5 shows the effect of adding an antibiotic to a culture of bacteria.

Explain how antibiotic‑resistant bacteria have evolved.

Use information from Figure 5 in your answer.

One source of evidence for human evolution is from stone tools.

Give one other source of evidence for human evolution.

Figure 6 shows two stone tools.

4 000 years old
100 000 years old

Figure 6

Explain how these tools provide evidence for human evolution.

Describe two methods that scientists use to date stone tools.

Figure 10 shows colonies of bacteria growing on an agar plate.

Each colony starts as one bacterium.

Every time bacteria reproduce, the number of bacteria in each colony doubles.

Calculate the number of bacteria in a colony after five hours, if each bacterium reproduces every 30 minutes.

_........ bacteria

Some bacteria are pathogens.

State the meaning of the term pathogen.

Explain why antibiotics can be used to treat bacterial infections.

A rod-shaped bacterium is 0.005 mm long.

A student draws the rod-shaped bacterium.

The bacterium in the drawing is 80 mm long.

Calculate the magnification of this drawing.

magnification =_........

* (c) Figure 11 shows a bacterial cell and a plant cell.

Describe the similarities and differences of a bacterial cell and a plant cell.

Figure 2 shows colonies of bacteria growing on an agar plate.

Each colony starts as one bacterium.

Every time bacteria reproduce, the number of bacteria in each colony doubles.

Calculate the number of bacteria in a colony after five hours, if each bacterium reproduces every 30 minutes.

_........ bacteria

Some bacteria are pathogens.

State the meaning of the term pathogen.

Explain why antibiotics can be used to treat bacterial infections.

A rod-shaped bacterium is 0.005 mm long.

A student draws the rod-shaped bacterium.

The bacterium in the drawing is 80 mm long.

Calculate the magnification of this drawing.

magnification =_........

Figure 10 shows the number of people diagnosed with sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in the UK during 2017.

State the sexually transmitted infection that has the median number of people diagnosed.

The population of the UK in 2017 was 66 million people.

Calculate the total number of people diagnosed with chlamydia in the UK in 2017.

State why chlamydia can be described as a communicable disease.

Give one way the transmission of chlamydia can be prevented.

Explain why chlamydia can be treated with antibiotics.

*(b) When a person is infected with a disease, the immune system will respond to protect their body.

Explain how the immune system will respond to an infection caused by bacteria.

Figure 2 shows the number of people diagnosed with sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in the UK during 2017.

State the sexually transmitted infection that has the median number of people diagnosed.

The population of the UK in 2017 was 66 million people.

Calculate the total number of people diagnosed with chlamydia in the UK in 2017.

_........ people

State why chlamydia can be described as a communicable disease.

Give one way the transmission of chlamydia can be prevented.

Explain why chlamydia can be treated with antibiotics.

HIV is another sexually transmitted infection.

Explain how HIV can lead to the onset of AIDS.

In 2017, a new strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteria was discovered that was resistant to 26 different antibiotics.

Explain how Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteria developed resistance to antibiotics.

State how the use of antibiotics could contribute to Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteria developing resistance to antibiotics.

Klebsiella pneumoniae is a prokaryotic cell.

Which is a characteristic feature of a prokaryotic cell?

New antibiotics are being developed to treat the disease caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae.

Describe the stages of antibiotic development that would occur after the discovery of a new antibiotic.

Pathogens cause disease.

Draw one straight line from each type of pathogen to the disease that is caused by that pathogen.

Antibiotics can be used to treat diseases.

Antibiotics kill

Figure 1 shows the number of white blood cells in blood samples from three patients.

Explain why the data suggests that Patient Z has a bacterial infection.

HIV is diagnosed by blood tests.

State two safety precautions that need to be taken when handling blood samples.