Health & disease

Figure 10 shows the number of new cases of chlamydia diagnosed in England from 2013 to 2022.

Which type of organism causes chlamydia?

Calculate the increase in the number of new cases of chlamydia diagnosed from 2020 to 2022.

_........ cases

Tuberculosis is a disease that is spread through airborne droplets.

Give two ways of reducing or preventing the spread of tuberculosis.

Obesity is a risk factor for some non‑communicable diseases.

State why liver disease is a non-communicable disease.

The waist‑to‑hip ratio can be used to show if excess weight is a health risk.

An adult has a waist measurement of 80 cm and a hip measurement of 90 cm.

Calculate the waist‑to‑hip ratio for this adult, using the equation:

Give your answer to two decimal places.

waist‑to‑hip ratio_........

Figure 11 shows the health risk of some waist‑to‑hip ratios.

Explain the health risk for a female with a waist‑to‑hip ratio of 0.75.

Cancer occurs when cell division by mitosis is uncontrolled.

Describe the properties of cells produced by mitosis.

Tuberculosis is a disease that is spread through airborne droplets.

Give two ways of reducing or preventing the spread of tuberculosis.

Obesity is a risk factor for some non‑communicable diseases.

State why liver disease is a non-communicable disease.

The waist‑to‑hip ratio can be used to show if excess weight is a health risk.

An adult has a waist measurement of 80 cm and a hip measurement of 90 cm.

Calculate the waist‑to‑hip ratio for this adult, using the equation:

Give your answer to two decimal places.

waist‑to‑hip ratio_........

Figure 1 shows the health risk of some waist‑to‑hip ratios.

Explain the health risk for a female with a waist‑to‑hip ratio of 0.75.

Cancer occurs when cell division by mitosis is uncontrolled.

Describe the properties of cells produced by mitosis.

Malaria is a disease that causes damage to the blood and liver.

Which type of pathogen causes malaria?

State how the pathogen that causes malaria is spread.

Measles is a disease caused by a virus.

Figure 9 shows the number of measles cases reported in England and Wales from 1985 to 2015.

Explain one conclusion that can be made about the change in the number of measles cases reported from 1985 to 2015.

Describe two ways the immune system will respond to an infection by a pathogen.

Beriberi is a disease caused by a lack of vitamin B1 in the diet.

Give one reason why beriberi is classed as a non‑communicable disease.

*(ii) Beriberi can affect reflexes.

Figure 10 shows a reflex arc.

When the skin is pricked by a pin, electrical impulses travel through a reflex arc.

Describe the path taken by electrical impulses from the skin to the muscles in the arm.

Include the names of neurones X, Y and Z in your answer.

Malaria is a disease that causes damage to the blood and liver.

Which type of pathogen causes malaria?

State how the pathogen that causes malaria is spread.

Measles is a disease caused by a virus.

Figure 2 shows the number of measles cases reported in England and Wales from 1985 to 2015.

Explain one conclusion that can be made about the change in the number of measles cases reported from 1985 to 2015.

Describe two ways the immune system will respond to an infection by a pathogen.

Beriberi is a disease caused by a lack of vitamin B1 in the diet.

Give one reason why beriberi is classed as a non‑communicable disease.

Which is the reason why obesity is a non-communicable disease?

Several factors affect the risk of developing cardiovascular disease.

Figure 6 shows different BMI ranges and their weight descriptions.

A person has a BMI of 39.0

Explain the risk of this person developing cardiovascular disease.

Changes in lifestyle can reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease.

State two other treatments for cardiovascular disease.

Figure 7 shows the percentage of people who smoked cigarettes in England from 2011 to 2019.

State the trend shown in the graph from 2011 to 2019.

Give two reasons for this change in the number of people smoking cigarettes.

Draw a line on Figure 7 to show the likely trend in the percentage of people smoking cigarettes from 2019 to 2041.

Smoking cigarettes can increase the risk of people developing cancer.

Which is the description of cancer?

Figure 10 shows the number of people diagnosed with sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in the UK during 2017.

State the sexually transmitted infection that has the median number of people diagnosed.

The population of the UK in 2017 was 66 million people.

Calculate the total number of people diagnosed with chlamydia in the UK in 2017.

State why chlamydia can be described as a communicable disease.

Give one way the transmission of chlamydia can be prevented.

Explain why chlamydia can be treated with antibiotics.

*(b) When a person is infected with a disease, the immune system will respond to protect their body.

Explain how the immune system will respond to an infection caused by bacteria.

Figure 2 shows the number of people diagnosed with sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in the UK during 2017.

State the sexually transmitted infection that has the median number of people diagnosed.

The population of the UK in 2017 was 66 million people.

Calculate the total number of people diagnosed with chlamydia in the UK in 2017.

_........ people

State why chlamydia can be described as a communicable disease.

Give one way the transmission of chlamydia can be prevented.

Explain why chlamydia can be treated with antibiotics.

HIV is another sexually transmitted infection.

Explain how HIV can lead to the onset of AIDS.

Name the organisation which defines health as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

Tuberculosis (TB) is a communicable disease.

State two ways that communicable diseases are different from non-communicable diseases.

Explain one way that the spread of tuberculosis (TB) can be reduced or prevented.

Complete the table to show the student’s data.

* (c) Describe how the physical barriers and chemical defences of the human body provide protection from diseases.

Name the organisation which defines health as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

Tuberculosis (TB) is a communicable disease.

State two ways that communicable diseases are different from non-communicable diseases.

Explain one way that the spread of tuberculosis (TB) can be reduced or prevented.

Complete the table to show the student’s data.

Explain why people with AIDS are more susceptible to TB.

Measles is a communicable disease caused by a virus.

What can a virus also be classified as?

Give one reason why measles is described as a communicable disease.

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) can cause AIDS.

Which type of cell is destroyed by the HIV virus?

Describe how the specific immune system defends the body against disease.

Figure 7 shows the number of people per million of the population in five European countries who were diagnosed with measles in one year.

The population of Belgium in that year was 11.18 million.

Calculate the number of people in Belgium diagnosed with measles.

Give your answer to three significant figures.

_........ people

Countries do not report the total number of people diagnosed with measles. Countries report the number of people diagnosed with measles per million of the population.

Give one reason why this is better.

Give one reason why the number of people per million diagnosed with measles is different in these countries.

(a) Cirrhosis is a disease caused by prolonged alcohol abuse.

Prolonged alcohol abuse causes cirrhosis of the

Give one reason why cirrhosis is described as a non-communicable disease.

Obesity increases the risk of a person developing cardiovascular disease.

Losing weight can reduce the risk of this disease occurring.

Explain why exercise can cause weight loss.

Figure 5 shows a gastric band fitted to a stomach.

Explain how a gastric band helps a person to lose weight.

BMI and waist: hip ratio can be used to find out if a person is obese.

Figure 6 shows some data for two males.

BMI is calculated using the equation:

Male B has a mass of 72 kg and a height of 1.81 m.

Calculate the BMI of male B.

Give the answer to 3 significant figures.

BMI =_........

Figure 7 shows the interpretation of BMI values.

Males with a waist: hip ratio above 0.90 are defined as abdominally obese.

Explain what the BMI and waist: hip ratio for male A shows about his weight distribution.