Health, lifestyle & risk factors

Figure 10 shows the number of new cases of chlamydia diagnosed in England from 2013 to 2022.

Which type of organism causes chlamydia?

Calculate the increase in the number of new cases of chlamydia diagnosed from 2020 to 2022.

_........ cases

Tuberculosis is a disease that is spread through airborne droplets.

Give two ways of reducing or preventing the spread of tuberculosis.

Obesity is a risk factor for some non‑communicable diseases.

State why liver disease is a non-communicable disease.

The waist‑to‑hip ratio can be used to show if excess weight is a health risk.

An adult has a waist measurement of 80 cm and a hip measurement of 90 cm.

Calculate the waist‑to‑hip ratio for this adult, using the equation:

Give your answer to two decimal places.

waist‑to‑hip ratio_........

Figure 11 shows the health risk of some waist‑to‑hip ratios.

Explain the health risk for a female with a waist‑to‑hip ratio of 0.75.

Cancer occurs when cell division by mitosis is uncontrolled.

Describe the properties of cells produced by mitosis.

Tuberculosis is a disease that is spread through airborne droplets.

Give two ways of reducing or preventing the spread of tuberculosis.

Obesity is a risk factor for some non‑communicable diseases.

State why liver disease is a non-communicable disease.

The waist‑to‑hip ratio can be used to show if excess weight is a health risk.

An adult has a waist measurement of 80 cm and a hip measurement of 90 cm.

Calculate the waist‑to‑hip ratio for this adult, using the equation:

Give your answer to two decimal places.

waist‑to‑hip ratio_........

Figure 1 shows the health risk of some waist‑to‑hip ratios.

Explain the health risk for a female with a waist‑to‑hip ratio of 0.75.

Cancer occurs when cell division by mitosis is uncontrolled.

Describe the properties of cells produced by mitosis.

Figure 1 shows a bacterial cell.

What is structure W?

Give the name of structure Z.

State the function of structure Z.

The human body has defences to protect against infection by bacteria.

Draw one straight line from each body defence to its function.

Smoking tobacco is a lifestyle factor that can cause disease.

Name two other lifestyle factors that can cause disease.

Which is the reason why obesity is a non-communicable disease?

Several factors affect the risk of developing cardiovascular disease.

Figure 6 shows different BMI ranges and their weight descriptions.

A person has a BMI of 39.0

Explain the risk of this person developing cardiovascular disease.

Changes in lifestyle can reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease.

State two other treatments for cardiovascular disease.

Figure 7 shows the percentage of people who smoked cigarettes in England from 2011 to 2019.

State the trend shown in the graph from 2011 to 2019.

Give two reasons for this change in the number of people smoking cigarettes.

Draw a line on Figure 7 to show the likely trend in the percentage of people smoking cigarettes from 2019 to 2041.

Smoking cigarettes can increase the risk of people developing cancer.

Which is the description of cancer?

A person’s mass is partially influenced by the alleles they inherit from their parents.

Give two other factors that can influence a person’s mass.

Figure 8 shows the data obtained from a patient by a doctor doing a health check.

The guidance used by the doctor is also listed in Figure 8.

Comment on the data and the health risks to this patient.

* (c) The doctor also tested the reaction time of the patient.

Describe the structure and function of a reflex arc.

Alcohol is broken down by liver cells.

Which process moves alcohol from the blood into the liver cells?

If a person drinks too much alcohol, liver cells die and the person can develop cirrhosis of the liver.

The relative risk of developing cirrhosis of the liver is affected by two factors.

1. The volume of alcohol a person drinks in one week.

2. Whether the person drinks the alcohol on its own or with a meal.

Figure 5 shows how these two factors affect the relative risk of people developing cirrhosis of the liver.

Number of units of alcohol consumed per week

Figure 5

Person A drinks alcohol on its own.

Person B drinks alcohol with their meals.

Calculate the difference in risk for these two people when each one drinks 28 units of alcohol per week.

Using evidence from Figure 5, state two pieces of health advice for people about drinking alcohol.

Cystic fibrosis is a genetic condition that can also cause liver disease.

State where genes are found in cells.

Figure 6 shows the inheritance of cystic fibrosis in a family.

F represents the dominant allele that does not cause cystic fibrosis.

f represents the recessive allele that causes cystic fibrosis.

person A (Ff) person B

person C person D person E (ff)

Figure 6

A scientist states that the genotype of person B is Ff.

Explain why the scientist is correct.

State the genotype of person C.

Figure 5 shows how alcohol consumption increases the risk of developing liver cancer.

Someone who does not drink alcohol has a 1.0 risk of developing liver cancer.

One unit of alcohol contains 8 grams of alcohol.

Calculate the risk of developing liver cancer for someone who consumes 4 units of alcohol a day.

_........ risk of developing liver cancer

Describe how cancer develops in the liver.

Haemochromatosis is a disease that occurs when iron accumulates in the liver.

A person with haemochromatosis is treated by having 0.5 dm³ of their blood removed each week.

This lowers the level of iron in their blood.

Give two safety precautions needed when blood is removed from this person.

Haemochromatosis can be inherited.

Haemochromatosis occurs when a person inherits two copies of a recessive allele.

Figure 6 shows the inheritance of haemochromatosis in a family.

State and explain the genotype of female Z.

A student placed three different sized cubes of agar jelly into separate beakers containing the same concentration of hydrochloric acid.

The cubes contained a pink indicator.

This indicator becomes clear when in contact with an acid.

Figure 2 shows the results of the investigation after the cubes had been in the acid for 120 seconds.

The distance from the outside of cube B to the pink area was 3 mm.

Calculate the distance diffused by hydrochloric acid in one second.

_........ mm

The student wanted to confirm their results.

Give one improvement the student should make to this investigation to confirm their results.

Devise a method, using cubes of agar jelly, to investigate how temperature affects the rate of diffusion.

Some substances move into and out of cells by active transport.

Which is the correct description of the movement of a substance by active transport?

Some drugs used to treat cancer are taken into cells by active transport.

Figure 3 shows some causes of preventable cases of cancer in 2015.

What is the percentage of preventable cases of cancer that are caused by tobacco?

In 2015, data from Cancer Research UK suggested that 163 440 cases of cancer could have been prevented.

Calculate the number of preventable cases of cancer caused by alcohol.

Give your answer to the nearest whole number.

number of preventable cases of cancer caused by alcohol_........

Cancer Research UK found that many people do not realise that obesity is linked to an increased risk of developing cancer.

In the body, fat tissue sends signals that cause other cells to divide.

Describe how this could cause cancer to develop.

Cell division occurs during the cell cycle.

During which stage of the cell cycle is DNA replicated?

Obesity is linked to 1 in 20 cases of all types of cancer.

Approximately 13% of cases of bowel cancer are caused by obesity.

Determine how the impact of obesity on bowel cancer compares to the impact of obesity on all types of cancer.

Two men have the same mass of 80 kg.

One man’s BMI is categorised as normal weight, the other man’s BMI is categorised as obese.

Explain why the men have different BMI values.

Obesity can also cause cardiovascular disease to develop.

Describe the different treatments available for cardiovascular disease.

LDL cholesterol is a type of cholesterol which increases the risk of heart disease.

Statins are drugs used to reduce LDL cholesterol levels.

Figure 6 shows the cholesterol levels in the blood of a man.

He started taking statins at the beginning of February and stopped taking them four months later.

Describe the effect of statins on LDL cholesterol levels in the blood.

Use data from the graph to support your answer.

Use evidence from the graph to explain why statins are usually prescribed as life-long medication.

Which data can be used to calculate the man’s BMI?

*(c) Gonorrhoea is a sexually transmitted bacterial infection.

Figure 7 shows the number of people diagnosed with gonorrhoea in the UK.

Explain how gonorrhoea is transmitted and how the number of people infected can be reduced.

Use data from the graph to justify why it is necessary to reduce the number of people infected.

(a) Cirrhosis is a disease caused by prolonged alcohol abuse.

Prolonged alcohol abuse causes cirrhosis of the

Give one reason why cirrhosis is described as a non-communicable disease.

Obesity increases the risk of a person developing cardiovascular disease.

Losing weight can reduce the risk of this disease occurring.

Explain why exercise can cause weight loss.

Figure 5 shows a gastric band fitted to a stomach.

Explain how a gastric band helps a person to lose weight.

BMI and waist: hip ratio can be used to find out if a person is obese.

Figure 6 shows some data for two males.

BMI is calculated using the equation:

Male B has a mass of 72 kg and a height of 1.81 m.

Calculate the BMI of male B.

Give the answer to 3 significant figures.

BMI =_........

Figure 7 shows the interpretation of BMI values.

Males with a waist: hip ratio above 0.90 are defined as abdominally obese.

Explain what the BMI and waist: hip ratio for male A shows about his weight distribution.

Obesity increases the risk of a person developing cardiovascular disease.

Losing weight can reduce the risk of this disease occurring.

Explain why exercise can cause weight loss.

Figure 1 shows a gastric band fitted to a stomach.

Explain how a gastric band helps a person to lose weight.

BMI and waist: hip ratio can be used to find out if a person is obese.

Figure 2 shows some data for two males.

BMI is calculated using the equation:

Male B has a mass of 72 kg and a height of 1.81 m.

Calculate the BMI of male B.

Give the answer to 3 significant figures.

BMI =_........

Figure 3 shows the interpretation of BMI values.

Males with a waist: hip ratio above 0.90 are defined as abdominally obese.

Explain what the BMI and waist: hip ratio for male A shows about his weight distribution.