Blood

What is the shape of a red blood cell?

A Biconcave

B Cuboidal

C Cylindrical

D Spherical

The diagram shows drawings of red blood cells.

Complete the sentences about red blood cells. Use words from the list.

biconcave chlorophyll haemoglobin helix

nitrogen oxygen water

Red blood cells are adapted to transport........ around the body.

One adaptation is the red pigment........ found inside the cells.

Another adaptation is their........ shape.

Bone marrow cells inside human bones differentiate to form red blood cells.

What name describes cells that can differentiate?

This diagram shows the human heart.

The table shows some information about the heart.

Use the diagram to complete the table.

Hormones are transported in the blood.

The graph shows the changes that occur to female hormone concentrations in the blood during the menstrual cycle.

Which day of the cycle does hormone X reach its peak?

Draw a line from each hormone to its correct name.

The diagram shows drawings of red blood cells.

Explain two ways red blood cells are adapted to their function.

This diagram shows a frog heart.

Describe the function of the structure labelled Z.

Explain why the structure of the frog heart makes it less efficient than a human heart.

Which statement describes a difference between red blood cells and white blood cells?

A Red blood cells contain enzymes.

B Red blood cells make antibodies.

C White blood cells contain proteins.

D White blood cells respond to antigens.

The diagram shows the main components of the blood.

Complete the table to show which part of the blood is liquid and which helps blood to clot.

Put one tick (✓) in each row.

Describe two differences in the structure of red blood cells and white blood cells.

In which year were there the most number of transplants?

Describe the overall trend in the number of transplants shown in the graph.

The blood stem cells used in these transplants are adult stem cells from a donor.

Stem cells can also be taken from embryos.

Write down one benefit and one risk of using adult stem cells from a donor.

Benefit........

Risk........

15* (a) Sickle cell disease is a blood disorder causing some red blood cells to become sickle shaped.

The diagram shows red blood cells from a person with sickle cell disease.

The change in shape causes the cells to clump together. This makes sickle shaped red blood cells less efficient at carrying out their role.

Symptoms of sickle cell disease are tiredness and a lack of energy.

Explain why someone with sickle cell disease has these symptoms. Include information from the diagram.

The photograph shows part of an artery seen using a light microscope.

The image has been magnified 8 times.

Calculate the actual thickness of the artery between points X and Y in m.

Give your answer in standard form.

Actual size =........ m

Explain how the structure of a vein is adapted to its function.

The diagram shows the four main components of the blood.

Draw lines to connect each letter to the component that they are labelling. Then draw lines from each component to their correct function.

Two lines have been drawn for you.

Letter Component Function

White blood cells are adapted to their function.

Explain two adaptations of white blood cells.

Read the information in the text box.

Prevent the spread of HIV

• Use protection during sexual intercourse

• Don’t share needles to inject drugs

• Avoid contact with blood from an infected person

• Get tested

Use your knowledge of HIV as a communicable disease to answer these questions.

Why can HIV be spread by sharing needles?

Suggest how testing will help prevent the spread of HIV.

Plants and animals both have transport systems.

Fig. 15.1 shows cells found in the transport system of animals.

Fig. 15.1

Identify the type of cell shown in Fig. 15.1.

The transport system in animals is the circulatory system.

Describe the relationship between the circulatory system and the gas exchange system in the human body.

Phloem is part of the transport system in plants. Fig. 15.2 is a diagram of phloem sieve tubes.

Fig. 15.2

Explain how phloem sieve tubes are adapted to their function. Use Fig. 15.2.

Fig. 15.3 shows apparatus used to investigate the rate of water uptake in plants.

Fig. 15.3

Name the apparatus shown in Fig. 15.3.

The air-tight seal stops air getting into the water-filled tube.

Suggest why it is important to stop air getting into the tube.

The apparatus is set up and left for 10 minutes. The water level moved 8 mm.

Calculate the rate of water uptake in mm per second.

Give your answer to 2 significant figures.

Rate of water uptake =........ mm per second [3]

The investigation is repeated with an electric fan switched on next to the apparatus.

The rate of water uptake would increase / decrease / stay the same.

What is the function of platelets in blood?

A They destroy pathogens.

B They help clot the blood.

C They produce antibodies.

D They transport oxygen around the body.

Which substance in the blood plasma is changed by platelets during blood clotting?

A Fat

B Glucose

C Glycogen

D Protein

This question is about diseases.

Complete the table to compare some different diseases.

Tick (✓) five boxes.

Tuberculosis has been done for you.

TB is a disease of the lungs. TB is transmitted by breathing in when an infected person near you coughs or sneezes.

One way to prevent the spread of TB is vaccination.

Describe two other ways you could prevent the spread of TB.

There are many diseases and disorders of the circulatory system.

Some blood cell disorders can affect the function of white blood cells or red blood cells.

Suggest two effects on the body if either white blood cells or red blood cells are prevented from working efficiently.

Cardiovascular diseases affect the heart.

Which lifestyle factor can increase a person’s chance of developing cardiovascular disease?

Tick (✓) one box.

*(c) The cornea is the front part of the eye that allows in light. The layers of cells in the cornea are similar to the cells in skin layers, the difference is that they have become transparent to allow the light through.

Scientists are now using stem cell technology for treating damage to the cornea to restore vision.

Describe how stem cells could be used in the treatment of damage to the cornea and any possible risks involved in this type of treatment.

Fig. 13.1 shows a red blood cell.

Explain one way red blood cells are adapted to transport oxygen around the body.

Which gas diffuses out of blood and into the lungs?

Fig. 13.2 shows two different blood vessels, X and Y, that are connected to the heart.

Which blood vessel, X or Y, is most likely to be the vena cava?

Use Fig. 13.2 to explain your answer.

Which cell is adapted to defend the body from infection?