Exchange & transport in animals

Which label is pointing to the left ventricle ?

Which substance has a net outward movement from plants during the day?

A Nitrates

B Nitrogen

C Oxygen

D Urea

Most animals have a circulatory system that consists of a heart and blood vessels.

Describe the role of the valves in the heart.

Explain why the heart is described as a ‘ double pump ’ in mammals.

Describe the pathway of a red blood cell as it travels from the right side of the heart to the left side.

Which substance has a net outward movement from plants during the day?

A Nitrates

B Nitrogen

C Oxygen

D Urea

Many large multicellular organisms have a mass transport system to supply all cells with their requirements.

The diagram shows a mammal’s heart.

Explain how the left ventricle is adapted to carry out its function.

Explain why small organisms like amoeba do not need a transport system.

The diagram shows drawings of red blood cells.

Complete the sentences about red blood cells. Use words from the list.

biconcave chlorophyll haemoglobin helix

nitrogen oxygen water

Red blood cells are adapted to transport........ around the body.

One adaptation is the red pigment........ found inside the cells.

Another adaptation is their........ shape.

Bone marrow cells inside human bones differentiate to form red blood cells.

What name describes cells that can differentiate?

This diagram shows the human heart.

The table shows some information about the heart.

Use the diagram to complete the table.

Hormones are transported in the blood.

The graph shows the changes that occur to female hormone concentrations in the blood during the menstrual cycle.

Which day of the cycle does hormone X reach its peak?

Draw a line from each hormone to its correct name.

The photograph shows two different blood vessels.

Which statement about these blood vessels is correct?

A Blood flows through blood vessel T at a slower rate.

B Blood vessel S has a thinner muscular wall.

C Blood vessel T has a larger lumen diameter.

D Both blood vessels transport blood to the heart.

The diagram shows drawings of red blood cells.

Explain two ways red blood cells are adapted to their function.

This diagram shows a frog heart.

Describe the function of the structure labelled Z.

Explain why the structure of the frog heart makes it less efficient than a human heart.

Which of these substances is transported out of the human body as waste?

A Blood

B Food molecules

C Oxygen

D Urea

Fig. 14.1 is a diagram of a healthy heart. Fig. 14.2 shows a heart with a defect.

Fig. 14.1
Fig. 14.2

* Describe the heart defect shown in Fig. 14.2. Explain how this defect would affect oxygen transportation around the body.

Include the names of the chambers affected by the defect.

The photograph shows part of an artery seen using a light microscope.

The actual thickness of the wall at X–Y is 2 mm.

Calculate the magnification of the image.

Magnification = ×........

15* (a) Sickle cell disease is a blood disorder causing some red blood cells to become sickle shaped.

The diagram shows red blood cells from a person with sickle cell disease.

The change in shape causes the cells to clump together. This makes sickle shaped red blood cells less efficient at carrying out their role.

Symptoms of sickle cell disease are tiredness and a lack of energy.

Explain why someone with sickle cell disease has these symptoms. Include information from the diagram.

The photograph shows part of an artery seen using a light microscope.

The image has been magnified 8 times.

Calculate the actual thickness of the artery between points X and Y in m.

Give your answer in standard form.

Actual size =........ m

Explain how the structure of a vein is adapted to its function.

Which statement describes a substance being transported into the human body from the outside?

A Carbon dioxide diffuses into the blood from the cells.

B Food molecules diffuse into the liver from the blood.

C Oxygen diffuses into the blood from the air.

D Urea diffuses into the blood from the liver.

Heart rate is the number of times the heart beats each minute to pump blood around the circulatory system.

Which structures inside the heart stop the blood flowing the wrong way?

The graph shows the average life expectancy of different animals compared to their heart

Which animal has the highest heart rate?

Describe the relationship between life expectancy and heart rate seen in the graph.

Humans do not fit the pattern.

How does the graph show this?

Fig. 13.1 shows a red blood cell.

Explain one way red blood cells are adapted to transport oxygen around the body.

Which gas diffuses out of blood and into the lungs?

Fig. 13.2 shows two different blood vessels, X and Y, that are connected to the heart.

Which blood vessel, X or Y, is most likely to be the vena cava?

Use Fig. 13.2 to explain your answer.

This question is about circulatory systems.

The picture shows three different blood vessels X, Y and Z, seen using a light microscope.

Compare blood vessels X and Z and describe the differences that can be seen in the picture.

Blood vessel Y is a capillary. Explain how the structure of a capillary is adapted to its function.

Lungfish are fish that have both gills and a lung.

When in water, the blood flows through the gills. When on land, blood flow to the gills is stopped and the blood enters the lung instead.

The diagram shows the circulatory system of a lungfish.

The lungfish circulatory system is different to that of humans.

Blood in the lungfish can flow through gills and lungs, humans only have lungs.

Write down one other way the structure of the lungfish circulatory system is different to that of humans.

When lungfish and humans are on land, the human circulatory system is more efficient than that of lungfish.

Suggest why the human circulatory system is more efficient.

This question is about circulatory systems.

The picture shows three different blood vessels X, Y and Z, seen using a light microscope.

Compare blood vessels X and Z and describe the differences that can be seen in the picture.

Blood vessel Y is a capillary. Explain how the structure of a capillary is adapted to its function.

Lungfish are fish that have both gills and a lung.

When in water, the blood flows through the gills. When on land, blood flow to the gills is stopped and the blood enters the lung instead.

The diagram shows the circulatory system of a lungfish.

The lungfish circulatory system is different to that of humans.

Blood in the lungfish can flow through gills and lungs, humans only have lungs.

Write down one other way the structure of the lungfish circulatory system is different to that of humans.

When lungfish and humans are on land, the human circulatory system is more efficient than that of lungfish.

Suggest why the human circulatory system is more efficient.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major cause of death in the UK.

Look at the diagram of the external features of a heart.

The coronary artery supplies the cardiac muscle with oxygen.

Label the diagram to show the position of one of the coronary arteries.

Angina is a symptom of CVD. Pain from angina is caused by cardiac muscle respiring anaerobically.

Explain why angina causes pain.

A 55 year old patient has severe chest pains due to a narrowed coronary artery.

The diagram shows the cross-section of a normal coronary artery and the patient’s artery.

Normal coronary artery
Patient’s coronary artery

The cross-sectional area of the normal coronary artery lumen is 18.1 mm².

Calculate the cross-sectional area of the lumen of the patient’s artery.

Use the equations:

Give your answer to 2 significant figures.

Calculate the percentage reduction in cross-sectional area for the lumen of the patient’s artery.

CVD can be treated by different combinations of lifestyle changes, medicine and surgery.

Look at the information on CVD and how much the coronary artery has been narrowed

Justify why the patient would need surgery.

* Doctors rely on different types of surgery to treat cardiovascular disease.

The table shows features of three surgical treatments.

Evaluate the three surgical treatments and decide which would be the best type of surgery for the 55 year old patient.