The menstrual cycle

Hormones are important in the menstrual cycle.

Draw three lines to connect each hormone and its role in the menstrual cycle.

* Contraception is used to prevent pregnancy. The effectiveness of a contraceptive depends on the method and if it is used correctly.

The table shows the typical effectiveness of three methods of contraception.

The contraceptive implants and the combined pill contain hormones.

• Explain how hormones can be used to prevent pregnancy.

• Suggest reasons for the differences in the effectiveness of these three contraceptives.

What is the main source of testosterone in the human body?

A Adrenal glands

B Pancreas

C Pituitary gland

D Testes

The diagram shows drawings of red blood cells.

Complete the sentences about red blood cells. Use words from the list.

biconcave chlorophyll haemoglobin helix

nitrogen oxygen water

Red blood cells are adapted to transport........ around the body.

One adaptation is the red pigment........ found inside the cells.

Another adaptation is their........ shape.

Bone marrow cells inside human bones differentiate to form red blood cells.

What name describes cells that can differentiate?

This diagram shows the human heart.

The table shows some information about the heart.

Use the diagram to complete the table.

Hormones are transported in the blood.

The graph shows the changes that occur to female hormone concentrations in the blood during the menstrual cycle.

Which day of the cycle does hormone X reach its peak?

Draw a line from each hormone to its correct name.

What is the function of FSH in the female body?

A It causes the eggs to mature.

B It inhibits the release of progesterone.

C It maintains the uterus lining.

D It prevents pregnancy.

A student draws and labels a diagram of a reflex arc.

The diagram shows their labelled drawing.

What mistake has the student made in their drawing?

Tick (✓) one box.

The spinal cord coordinates nervous responses.

Which other part of the central nervous system coordinates responses?

The body is also controlled by the endocrine system.

Complete the table to show two differences between the nervous system and the endocrine

Oestrogen and testosterone are both hormones.

Write down one role of oestrogen and one role of testosterone in the body.

A person with type 1 diabetes tests their blood sugar level before they eat any food.

The diagram shows their results. The units for blood sugar level are mmol / l.

The person then compares their results with the information in this table.

Explain why the person will need to take insulin.

Which hormone is involved in sperm production?

A Insulin

B Oestrogen

C Progesterone

D Testosterone

Hormones are used for coordination within the human body.

Complete these sentences about hormones.

Hormones are chemical........

Hormones are made in........ glands.

The diagram shows how the levels of the hormones oestrogen and progesterone change during the menstrual cycle.

Describe how changes in the levels of these hormones affect the thickness of the uterus wall.

Use data from the graph in your answer.

What is the role of FSH in the menstrual cycle?

Draw lines to the correct name for hormones A, B, C and D labelled in the diagram.

Explain how the hormones FSH and LH work to help control the menstrual cycle.

Hormones can be used in the contraceptive pill to prevent pregnancy.

Explain how hormones in the contraceptive pill prevent pregnancy.

The level of some hormones change during the menstrual cycle.

The graph shows how the level of one hormone changes during the menstrual cycle.

Fertilisation has not taken place after ovulation.

Which hormone is represented in the graph?

A FSH

B Oestrogen

C Progesterone

D Testosterone

Complete these sentences about the hormone FSH.

FSH is secreted by the........ gland.

FSH causes an........ to mature in the ovary.

FSH stimulates the ovaries to release the hormone........

FSH hormone can be genetically engineered.

The human gene for FSH is transferred into an animal cell.

Look at the diagram of a cell.

The gene is put inside one of the structures labelled in the diagram.

Which structure is the gene put inside?

Choose from A, B, C, or D........

State why the gene is put there.

* Beta carotene is the substance that makes carrots orange. Humans use beta carotene to make vitamin A. Vitamin A is needed for good vision.

‘Golden’ rice is a genetically modified (GM) crop. ‘Golden’ rice is made when the gene for beta carotene is added to rice.

Scientists do not know if the levels of beta carotene in ‘Golden’ rice will have any other effects on people eating the rice.

In some countries many people survive on a diet of mainly rice with no vegetables.

Do you think ‘Golden’ rice should be made to provide food for these people?

Include arguments for and against ‘Golden’ rice in your answer.

The diagram shows the position of the pituitary gland and hypothalamus in the body.

Two hormones released by the pituitary are involved in controlling the menstrual cycle.

Write down the names of these two hormones.

The graph shows the levels of these two hormones during the menstrual cycle.

Use the graph to explain how these two hormones work together to cause ovulation.

The hypothalamus is involved in the regulation of body temperature.

Explain why this function of the hypothalamus is important to the role of enzymes.