Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

Genes control natural hair colour in humans.

Which term describes the differences in hair colour?

Genes are found on chromosomes.

Name the part of the human cell where chromosomes are found.

The hair colour of 24 students was recorded.

Figure 1 shows the results.

Complete Figure 2 to show the tally and the total for brown hair.

Complete the bar chart to show the totals in Figure 2 and label the x ‑axis.

Figure 3 shows a sperm cell.

Name the part labelled R.

Draw one straight line from each part of the sperm cell to its function.

Animal cells and plants cells are both eukaryotic cells.

State one structure found in a plant cell that is not found in an animal cell.

DNA is found in cells.

Figure 4 shows part of a DNA molecule.

Which type of large molecule is DNA?

Describe how the bases of a DNA molecule are held together.

A report stated that Homo habilis was a hominin species that lived on Earth between 2.4 million years ago and 1.5 million years ago.

State the number of years that Homo habilis lived on Earth.

Fossil evidence suggests that Homo habilis used tools.

State one use of these tools.

Scientists use fossil discoveries to suggest the structure of the whole body.

Lucy is a fossil of the species Australopithecus afarensis.

Describe how the body structure suggested for Australopithecus afarensis is different from the body structure suggested for Homo habilis.

Explain what could have caused the extinction of Australopithecus afarensis.

Figure 4 shows how the three-domain classification system was developed.

Describe the differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes and why the three domain classification system was introduced.

The pathogen Vibrio cholerae causes the disease cholera.

Figure 5 shows Vibrio cholerae bacteria.

Complete the table to show the function of structure P and structure Q.

On the original image, the length of one bacterial cell is 12 mm.

The actual length of this bacterial cell is 2.0 µ m.

Calculate the magnification.

State one symptom of the disease caused by Vibrio cholerae.

State how the disease caused by Vibrio cholerae is transmitted.

Describe the specific immune response when a pathogen infects the body.

Figure 1 shows a bacterial cell.

What is structure W?

Give the name of structure Z.

State the function of structure Z.

The human body has defences to protect against infection by bacteria.

Draw one straight line from each body defence to its function.

Smoking tobacco is a lifestyle factor that can cause disease.

Name two other lifestyle factors that can cause disease.

A student made a microscope slide of cells taken from the inside of their mouth.

The student wore gloves while using a swab to collect cells from their mouth.

Give one other safety precaution the student should take.

A light microscope was used to obtain an image similar to the one shown in Figure 3.

(Source: © STEVE GSCHMEISSNER/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY)

Figure 3

Describe how the student used the light microscope to view these cells at a magnification of 400.

The cytoplasm of a cell contains a nucleus.

Explain the role of one other structure in the cytoplasm of a human cell.

DNA can be extracted from human cells in a similar way to the method used to extract DNA from fruits.

Describe the stages of the method used to extract DNA from cells.

The Human Genome Project sequenced the order of the bases in the human genome.

Give two other outcomes from the Human Genome Project.

Scientists use microscopes to study cells.

Figure 1 shows a light microscope.

Draw one straight line from each part of the microscope to its function.

Figure 2 shows two photographs of bacteria.

Photograph A was taken through a light microscope.

Photograph B was taken using an electron microscope.

Draw, in the box, the bacterial cell labelled X.

Label one part of the bacterial cell on your diagram.

State one advantage of using a light microscope and one advantage of using an electron microscope to study these bacterial cells.

A light microscope_........

An electron microscope_........

Figure 9 shows a root hair cell from a plant.

Name the part labelled X.

State one way that the structure of the root hair cell increases the volume of substances it absorbs.

Explain why root hair cells do not contain chloroplasts.

*(c) The arrows in Figure 11 show the direction of water movement through a tree.

Explain how water is moved from the soil, through the plant and into the air.

Figure 2 shows a root hair cell from a plant.

Name the part labelled X.

State one way that the structure of the root hair cell increases the volume of substances it absorbs.

Explain why root hair cells do not contain chloroplasts.

from the Elodea cells in tap water.

Explain why placing the Elodea cells in the 10% salt solution causes the changes seen in Figure 3.

Figure 1 shows an animal cell.

Which part of the cell is labelled Y?

Which structures are found in the part labelled Z?

Name the part of an animal cell where respiration occurs.

A microscope can be used to observe the structure of a cell.

Figure 2 shows a microscope.

Give one advantage of using a microscope to look at cells.

Draw one straight line from each part of the microscope to its function.

Figure 3 shows some of the units used when cells and organelles are measured.

Give the name of the smallest unit shown in Figure 3.

Figure 10 shows colonies of bacteria growing on an agar plate.

Each colony starts as one bacterium.

Every time bacteria reproduce, the number of bacteria in each colony doubles.

Calculate the number of bacteria in a colony after five hours, if each bacterium reproduces every 30 minutes.

_........ bacteria

Some bacteria are pathogens.

State the meaning of the term pathogen.

Explain why antibiotics can be used to treat bacterial infections.

A rod-shaped bacterium is 0.005 mm long.

A student draws the rod-shaped bacterium.

The bacterium in the drawing is 80 mm long.

Calculate the magnification of this drawing.

magnification =_........

* (c) Figure 11 shows a bacterial cell and a plant cell.

Describe the similarities and differences of a bacterial cell and a plant cell.

In 2017, a new strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteria was discovered that was resistant to 26 different antibiotics.

Explain how Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteria developed resistance to antibiotics.

State how the use of antibiotics could contribute to Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteria developing resistance to antibiotics.

Klebsiella pneumoniae is a prokaryotic cell.

Which is a characteristic feature of a prokaryotic cell?

New antibiotics are being developed to treat the disease caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae.

Describe the stages of antibiotic development that would occur after the discovery of a new antibiotic.

Blood contains red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma and platelets.

Draw one straight line from each part of the blood to its function.

Figure 2 shows some red blood cells.

State two features that can be seen in the red blood cells in Figure 2.

Lymphocytes are white blood cells that produce large amounts of protein.

Which organelle is needed to produce large amounts of protein?

A small lymphocyte has a diameter of 10 µ m (micrometres).

A microscope magnifies this lymphocyte 400 times.

Calculate the diameter of the image of the lymphocyte seen using this microscope.

image size_........ µm

How many micrometres are in 1 mm (millimetre)?

Figure 3 shows some onion cells that have been soaked in a concentrated salt solution.

(Source: © Rattiya Thongdumhyu/Shutterstock)

Figure 3

The cells in Figure 3 have been stained.

Give one reason why the cells have been stained.

Which is the name of the structure labelled V?

The salt solution outside the cell has a higher concentration than the solution inside the cell.

Explain why the cytoplasm shrinks away from the sides of the cell when the cells are in salt solution.

Figure 4 shows the equipment used to prepare a microscope slide of onion cells.

Describe how this equipment could be used to prepare a slide of onion cells to view under a microscope.

A student investigated the percentage change in mass of potato cylinders placed in sucrose solutions of different concentrations.

Figure 5 shows the results of the student’s investigation.

concentration of sucrose solution in mol/dm³

Figure 5

State two conclusions that can be made from these results.

Figure 1 shows human blood seen using a light microscope.

The organelle labelled X controls the activities of the white blood cell.

What is the name of organelle X?

Use words from the box to complete the sentences.

Red blood cells contain the substance_........ .

Blood plasma is a_........ .

Describe two ways that white blood cells protect the body from disease.

Figure 2 shows a white blood cell on a 100 µ m scale.

State the width of the white blood cell.

_........ µm

Figure 1 shows human blood seen using a light microscope.

Explain why using an electron microscope shows the structures in the white blood cells more clearly.

Figure 1 shows three cells.

What is structure X ?

The bacterial cell in Figure 1 has a flagellum.

State the function of a flagellum.

Give one other difference between the bacterial cell and the animal cell shown in Figure 1.

Substances move into and out of cells.

How does oxygen move into and out of cells?

A plant leaf cell is 0.04 mm long.

Calculate the length of the image after this cell has been magnified 500 times.

length of image =_........ mm

Figure 8 shows a banana plantation.

After the bananas have been harvested, the old plants are cut down.

The suckers then develop into mature plants producing the next crop of bananas.

The tip of each sucker contains a group of cells called a meristem.

Describe the function of a meristem in the growth of a plant.

A student took a sample of cells from a meristem to view under a light microscope.

Describe how the student would prepare a microscope slide using these cells.

Figure 9 is a drawing of a eukaryotic cell.

Structure Z is found in plant leaf cells.

Name structure Z.

Give one function of the mitochondrion.

*(c) DNA is found in the nucleus of cells.

Describe the structure of DNA and how it can be extracted from plant cells.

Figure 2 shows a banana plantation.

After the bananas have been harvested, the old plants are cut down.

The suckers then develop into mature plants producing the next crop of bananas.

The tip of each sucker contains a group of cells called a meristem.

Describe the function of a meristem in the growth of a plant.

A student took a sample of cells from a meristem to view under a light microscope.

Describe how the student would prepare a microscope slide using these cells.

Figure 3 is a drawing of a eukaryotic cell.

Structure Z is found in plant leaf cells.

Name structure Z.

Give one function of the mitochondrion.

Describe how a prokaryotic cell is different from the cell in Figure 3.

Figure 10 shows the leaves and flowers of water lily plants (Nymphaea odorata) on a lake.

Water lilies have stomata on the upper surface of the leaves.

Explain why water lilies have no stomata on the lower surface of the leaves.

The white petals of the water lily flowers cannot photosynthesise.

Which structure in leaf cells is the site of photosynthesis?

Glucose is made by photosynthesis.

Glucose is converted to another sugar to be transported in the plant.

What is the name of this sugar?

Describe how this sugar is transported from the leaves to the flowers of the water lily.

Figure 11 shows water lilies growing in a lake in Europe.

One water lily plant was brought from America 10 years ago and planted in the lake shown in Figure 11.

Explain why this non‑indigenous plant now covers the whole surface of the lake.

Explain how the water lilies will affect the biodiversity of this lake.

A slide of potato cells was viewed using a light microscope.

Figure 12 is a drawing of the slide showing starch grains in the potato cells.

Calculate the mean number of starch grains in potato cells P, Q and R.

_........ starch grains

Which structures are found in plant cells but are not found in animal cells?

A scientist investigated how the length of starch grains in potatoes changed when the potatoes were stored in the dark.

Figure 13 shows a potato after being stored in the dark.

Three potatoes were used in the investigation.

The length of starch grains in potato 1 were measured at the start.

The length of starch grains were measured in potato 2 after 5 weeks in the dark.

The length of starch grains were measured in potato 3 after 10 weeks in the dark.

Figure 14 shows the results.

Calculate the percentage difference in the mean length of starch grains in potato 2 at 5 weeks and in potato 3 at 10 weeks.

_........ %

State two variables the scientist should have controlled to improve this investigation.

The starch grains in the potatoes became smaller as the starch was converted into glucose.

State why the potatoes need glucose.

*(c) Figure 15 shows a diagram of some equipment that can be used to investigate the rate of photosynthesis.

Devise a plan to investigate the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis.

Include variables you would need to control.

A slide of potato cells was viewed using a light microscope.

Figure 3 is a drawing of the slide showing starch grains in the potato cells.

Calculate the mean number of starch grains in potato cells P, Q and R.

Which structures are found in plant cells but are not found in animal cells?

A scientist investigated how the length of starch grains in potatoes changed when the potatoes were stored in the dark.

Figure 4 shows a potato after being stored in the dark.

Figure 4

Three potatoes were used in the investigation.

The length of starch grains in potato 1 were measured at the start.

The length of starch grains in potato 2 were measured after 5 weeks in the dark.

The length of starch grains in potato 3 were measured after 10 weeks in the dark.

Figure 5 shows the results.

Calculate the percentage difference in the mean length of starch grains in potato 2 at 5 weeks and in potato 3 at 10 weeks.

State two variables the scientist should have controlled to improve this investigation.

The starch grains in the potatoes became smaller as the starch was converted into glucose.

State why the potatoes need glucose.

Describe how starch is broken down into glucose.

Organisms can be classified by the five kingdom or three domain method.

What is the name of the domain that plants belong to?

Plant cells contain chloroplasts.

What happens in a chloroplast?

Give a reason why the three domain method of classification has been suggested.

Figure 2 shows a cyanobacterium magnified 50 000 times.

The line AB shows the diameter of the bacterial cell.

(Source: © The Christian Science Monitor)

Figure 2

Calculate the actual diameter of the cyanobacterium.

Give your answer in micrometres (µ m).

_........ µm

Bacterial cells contain plasmids.

Describe three other features of a bacterial cell.

Figure 3 shows a plasmid containing the human insulin gene.

Explain how the human insulin gene can be inserted into a plasmid.

Figure 7 shows a plant cell as seen under a light microscope.

(Source: © HERVE CONGE, ISM/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY)

Figure 7

Draw this plant cell in the box below.

Label three parts of this cell.

Mitochondria cannot be seen with a light microscope.

What is the function of mitochondria in a plant cell?

A student wanted to investigate the movement of water into and out of cells in potatoes.

The student had the equipment shown in Figure 8.

The test tubes in the rack contain different concentrations of sodium chloride solution.

The solutions were 0.1 M, 0.2 M, 0.3 M, 0.4 M and 0.5 M sodium chloride solution.

The test tube in the beaker contains distilled water.

There are three potato chips in each of the six test tubes.

State why the test tube in the beaker only contains distilled water and three potato chips.

State two variables that need to be controlled in this investigation.

Explain why the chips in the 0.5 M sodium chloride solution lost mass.

(a) Figure 4 shows two potato chips.

Figure 5 shows some information about each potato chip.

Calculate the total surface area of potato chip B using the formula,

Total surface area = 2XY + 2XZ + 2YZ

total surface area =_........ cm²

The potato chips were placed in distilled water for 20 minutes.

Figure 6 shows the increase in mass of each potato chip.

Explain why potato chip B has a greater increase in mass than potato chip A.

Potato chip A is transferred from the distilled water into a concentrated salt solution.

Explain what will happen to the cells in potato chip A.

The potatoes of a potato plant develop underground.

Explain one difference in the sub-cellular structures in a cell in the potato and those in a cell in the leaf of the potato plant.

Streptococcus bacteria can cause a sore throat or skin infection.

An illness called scarlet fever can also develop during an infection with this bacterium.

Give two precautions a doctor should take when treating a patient who is infected with Streptococcus.

From September 2013 to March 2014 there were 2 830 cases of scarlet fever in the UK.

From September 2014 to March 2015 there were 5 943 cases of scarlet fever.

Calculate the percentage increase of the number of cases of scarlet fever between the periods September 2014 to March 2015 and September 2013 to March 2014.

_........ %

Figure 7 shows some Streptococcus bacteria.

Some bacteria are motile, meaning they can move themselves.

Why is a Streptococcus bacterium not motile?

Most cases of scarlet fever occur in children.

Adults have usually developed immunity to a toxin that the Streptococcus bacteria produce during infection.

Explain how an adult develops immunity to the toxin.

(a) Figure 9 shows a diagram of a red blood cell from a turtle and a diagram of a red blood cell from a human.

These cells are animal cells.

Animal cells do not have

The actual length of the red blood cell from a turtle is 20.5 μ m.

Calculate the length of the magnified image of the red blood cell of the turtle when magnified 400 ×.

_........ μm

The width of the human red blood cell, when magnified 400 ×, is 3.08 mm.

Calculate the actual width of the cell and show your answer in standard form.

_........ mm

Red blood cells are carried in veins and arteries.

Figure 10 shows the equipment used to measure the elasticity of an artery.

Describe a method you could use to see how much the ring of tissue from an artery could stretch before it no longer returned to its original size.

Give one safety precaution you need to take when handling animal tissue such as blood vessels.

Figure 11 shows the circulatory system of a frog.

Explain why the circulatory system of a frog is less efficient at carrying oxygen to the tissues than the circulatory system of a human.

(a) Figure 1 shows a diagram of a red blood cell from a turtle and a diagram of a red blood cell from a human.

These cells are animal cells.

Animal cells do not have

The actual length of the red blood cell from a turtle is 20.5 μ m.

Calculate the length of the magnified image of the red blood cell of the turtle when magnified 400 ×.

_........ μm

The width of the human red blood cell, when magnified 400 ×, is 3.08 mm.

Calculate the actual width of the cell and show your answer in standard form.

_........ mm

Red blood cells are carried in veins and arteries.

Figure 2 shows the equipment used to measure the elasticity of an artery.

Describe a method you could use to see how much the ring of tissue from an artery could stretch before it no longer returned to its original size.

Give one safety precaution you need to take when handling animal tissue such as blood vessels.